Asian Journal of Green Chemistry

Abstract

Abstract The newly synthesized 3-(phenyl(phenylthio)methyl)-1H-indole ligand demonstrates chemosensor activity towards environmental and clinically important metal ions viz. Hg²⁺ and Cu²⁺, via fluorescence intensity enhancement. The rigid complex ceases non-radiative channels with respect to the free ligand. Incorporation of water and significant fluorescence enhancement in presence of interfering metal ions make the method superior over others and detect trace amount of metal ions into the aqueous based medium. Also, the detection of Hg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions are considered as subjects of an increasing societal demand as well as responsible for neurodegenerative disorders.

Abstract Nowadays, tend to use nanotechnology in various fields such as medical science and pharmacology have increased. Making nanoparticles can be done by different ways, but, due to the hazards and environmental pollution caused by them, green synthesis has attracted much attention. Green synthesis of biological resources such as plants, green algae, and microorganisms like bacteria and yeast are used for the production of nanoparticles. For the production of iron oxide nanoparticles this research, in line with the objectives of green synthesis, used the lactobacillus casei extract as a biological source. In this study, green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles were performed usingLactobacillus casei extract as a biological source  cytoplasmic extract of lactobacillus casei and iron sulfate solution 10^-3 M [pH=5.6] were mixed in a V/V 10 % volume ratio,  and incubated for 3 weeks at 37 °C in the presence of 5% carbon dioxide. Synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles was studied by electron microscope and x-ray microdiffraction. After three weeks of incubation, the color of iron sulfate and the extract solution was changed from colorless to black. According to XRD analysis, synthesis of iron oxide nano crystals was confirmed. The average synthesized nanoparticles diameters as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was found to be about 15 nm with a spherical shape. Production of iron oxide nanoparticles through green synthesis method using cytoplasmic extract of lactobacillus casei as a microorganism probiotic is biologically safe, of low cost, simple, efficient, and eco-friendly treatment that has attracted a lot of attention in medicine, pharmacology, and targeted drug delivery.

Abstract In this study, hybrid synthesized compounds were produced by the interaction between Sodium Montmorillonite clay (Na⁺-MMT) inorganic substance and of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) organic substance. In this regard, 2-mercaptobenzimidazole was dissolved in ethanol solvent. The addition of clay, timing and also mixing process accelerated the penetration of MBI organic substance into the interlayers spacing of Na⁺-MMT and a chemical reaction occurred between the functional groups of these two substances. Small-angle X-ray scattering test (SAXS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for validation of the interaction between the substances and determining the new structure. The antimicrobial properties of the hybrid synthesized compound against two types of bacteria, two types of fungus and one type of yeast were examined using well diffusion agar method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The diameter of inhibition zone was measured and their antimicrobial potential was compared with two common antibiotics: gentamicin and rifampin.

Abstract A new multi-site phase-transfer catalyst viz., N,N’-dihexyl-4,4’-bipyridinium dibromide (DSPTC) was synthesized from the low cost starting materials. The structures of the synthesized DSPTC and 1-(prop-2-ynyl)-1H-indole were evidenced by ¹HNMR and ¹³C NMR. The potentiality of the new multi-site phase transfer catalyst was demonstrated by following the kinetics propargylation of the indole under pseudo-first order conditions by using the aqueous sodium hydroxide and indole in excess, and the reaction was monitored by gas chromatography. Moreover, the catalytic efficiency of the DSPTC was compared with the single-site phase-transfers catalysts.

Abstract Formamides, an important class of the amine derivatives, have widely used in the synthesis of the pharmaceutically valuable compounds. The N-formylmorpholine is chemically stable, non-toxic, and non-corrosive, due to its unique structure, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbon and water compatibility, and the dissolved aromatics which greatly reduces the relative volatility of the aromatics. In this research, we evaluate the synthesis of the N-formylmorpholine as green solvent from the reaction of the morpholine and formic acid under optimization conditions (Pressure=1 atmosphere and temperature=224 °C) in high yields. This compound was used as the green solvent for synthesis of the heterocyclic compounds.  

Abstract A simple, rapid, precise, and accurate isocratic reversed-phase stability indicating HPLC method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of the nebivolol and valsartan in the tablet dosage form. The effective chromatographic separation was achieved by a YMC pack pro octadecyl silane (150×4.6 mm, 3 µm) column using a mobile phase composed of methanol: acetonitrile: 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (Ph=3.0 with 10% ortho phosphoric acid after addition of 0.2% triethylamine) (30:30:40, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and UV detection at 282 nm. Drugs were subjected to the acid, base, oxidation, heat, and photolysis to apply the stress. Linearity ranges were 5–30 µg/mL (r²= 0.9989) for nebivolol and 80-480 µg/mL (r²=0.9991) for valsartan. Limit of detection was 0.38 µg/mL and 1.08 µg/mL for nebivolol and valsartan, respectively. The limit of quantification for the nebivolol and valsartan was 1.15 µg/mL and 3.27 µg/mL, respectively.

Abstract The aim of this work is to study the extraction of the essential oil as a process that appeared to obtain the bioactive substances among the several extraction processes. A great number of extraction processes are available. In this study, the recent processes were compared with the conventional ones. Also, the economic evaluation of the extraction process plant including energy cost, manual labor, raw materials, and fixed costs were studied. We assessed the costs involved in the extraction process of the bioactive compounds. Carbon dioxide is the most desirable solvent for Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). Its attraction for the extraction of the heat-sensitive compounds is due to its critical temperature (304 °K). Solvent extraction and steam distillation process (SE‒SD) may overcome many disadvantages that conventional solvent extraction and hydrodistillation bring about in the extraction of essential oil. This combination technology has been used in the extraction of essential oil from plant material for high quality, simple technology, and low cost. The microwave assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) is less tedious and minimizes the risk of the compound degradation at high temperatures. The MAHD presents distinct advantages for the fast and reproducible production process. The study of the ultrasound-enhanced subcritical water extraction process (USWE) showed many advantages such as: time-saving, environment-friendliness, and high efficiency.

Abstract In this study, an efficient and simple procedure is reported for the chemoselctive acetylation of various aldehydes (aromati