Asian Journal of Green Chemistry
3.8(Q2)
CiteScore
27
h-index

Eco-Friendly Waste-to-Resource Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite/Polyethylene Glycol Composites from Gonggong Clam Shells for Efficient Rhodamine B Dye Removal

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

Novesar Jamarun 1
. Zulhadjri 1
Upita Septiani 1
Vivi Sisca 2
Arika Prasejati 1
. Cynthia 1
Nabiila Ayyu Trycahyani 1
Adam Hidayat 1

1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia

2 Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.48309/ajgc.2026.550310.1840
Abstract
Dye waste is an environmental problem that requires an effective solution. One approach involves the use of adsorbent materials based on hydroxyapatite-polyethylene glycol (HAp/PEG) composites. In this study, HAp/PEG composites were synthesized using the in-situ sol-gel method with gonggong clam shell waste (Laevistrombus canarium) as a calcium source. The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) aimed to improve the porosity, dispersibility, and mechanical stability of hydroxyapatite (HAp). The characterization results confirmed the presence of typical HAp functional groups through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high crystallinity based on X-ray diffraction (XRD), a surface area of 73.001 m2/g obtained from Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and irregular spherical morphology with a smooth surface as observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM–EDS). The Rhodamine B (RhB) adsorption tests showed optimal conditions at pH 11, with an adsorbent mass of 0.15 g, an initial concentration of 20 mg/L, and a contact time of 120 min. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics, yielding a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.19 mg/g. The HAp/PEG composite could be reused up to four cycles. In conclusion, the HAp/PEG composite derived from gonggong clam shell waste demonstrated strong potential as an efficient and eco-friendly adsorbent for Rhodamine B removal from wastewater.

Graphical Abstract

Eco-Friendly Waste-to-Resource Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite/Polyethylene Glycol Composites from Gonggong Clam Shells for Efficient Rhodamine B Dye Removal

Keywords

Gonggong Shells
Composite
Hydroxyapatite
Polyethylene glycol
Rhodamine B

Subjects

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Asian Journal of Green Chemistry
Volume 10, Issue 3
May and June 2026
Pages 372-388

  • Receive Date 01 September 2025
  • Revise Date 15 October 2025
  • Accept Date 27 October 2025

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