Asian Journal of Green Chemistry
3.8(Q2)
CiteScore
27
h-index

Zn-MnO Nanocomposites Derived from Cocos Nucifera: A Multi-Analytical Characterisation and Antimicrobial Study

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

Chandrasekhar Maalegoundla 1
Naveen Pusapati 1, 2
Lakshmi Satya Boddu 3
Pavan Kumar Naini 1
Sowmyya T 4

1 Department of Sciences and Humanities, Matrusri Engineering College, Saidabad, Hyderabad, Telangana—500 059, India

2 Department of Physics, ISBM University, Nawapara (Kosmi), Gariaband, Chhattisgarh- 493 996, India

3 Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Narsapur, Medak, Telangana-502 313, India

4 Forensic Science Unit, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana-500 007, India

10.48309/ajgc.2026.554745.1852
Abstract
Structural and morphological properties of nanocomposites make them suitable for biogenic and bioscience applications, in batteries and sensors. The synthesis of Zn-MnO nanocomposites through a green route helps to mitigate ecological deterioration. In the present study, a nano Zn-MnO composite material was synthesized via a green route using the Cocos nucifera shell extract as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized material was calcined at 450, 550, and 650 ℃, and subsequently characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDAX), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and Zeta potential. Antimicrobial activity was also evaluated. XRD patterns revealed that as the calcination temperature increased, the peaks became sharper, representing the increased crystallinity and crystalline size: 15, 16 and 19 nm, respectively. Peculiar peaks were observed in the UV-Vis spectra with slight variation at 272, 278, and 288 nm. Optical conductivity was found to be 2.466 x 109 S-1. Zeta potential values were determined to be -9, -10, and 16 mV, respectively. The band intensity in Raman spectra increased as the calcination temperature rose, suggesting greater phonon coupling and improved crystallinity. FTIR spectral analysis confirmed that Zn–MnO nanoparticles have interacted with organic substances that contain nitrogen, including proteins or amino acid residues, which are likely products of biological agents used in synthesis. Antimicrobial studies showed a maximum inhibition zone of 22 mm against S. aureus and 19 mm against A. niger. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results indicated effective bacterial inhibition at 2.5% and fungal inhibition at 5% concentrations.

Graphical Abstract

Zn-MnO Nanocomposites Derived from Cocos Nucifera: A Multi-Analytical Characterisation and Antimicrobial Study

Keywords

Nano Zn-MnO composite
Cocos nucifera
Zeta potential
Antimicrobial activity

Subjects

©2026 The author(s). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

PUBLISHER NOTE

Sami Publishing Company remains neutral concerning jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

CURRENT PUBLISHER

Sami Publishing Company

[1] Ali, I., Rahman, A. Environmental degradation: Causes, effects and solutions. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 2024, 6(3), 1-10.
[2] Yang, Z., Shen, J. A review: Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles for environmental applications. Nanoscale, 2025.
[3] Abouri, M., Benzaouak, A., Zaaboul, F., Sifou, A., Dahhou, M., El Belghiti, M.A., Azzaoui, K., Hammouti, B., Rhazi, L., Sabbahi, R. Efficient catalytic reduction of organic pollutants using nanostructured CuO/TiO2 catalysts: Synthesis, characterization, and reusability. Inorganics, 2024, 12(11), 297.
[4] Mofid, H., Seyed Sadjadi, M., Hossaini Sadr, M., Banaei, A., Farhadyar, N. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using aloe vera plant for investigation of antibacterial properties. Advances in Nanochemistry, 2020, 2(1), 32-35.
[5] Qu, B., Xiao, Z., Luo, Y. Sustainable nanotechnology for food preservation: Synthesis, mechanisms, and applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2025, 19, 101743.
[6] Pani, S., Singh, S., Mohapatra, B. Synthesis and characterization of MnO nano-particles using thermal plasma technique. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 2019, 72(1), 65-71.
[7] Premkumar, H., Perumal, R. Synthesis of ternary ZnO/CuO/MnO nanocomposite with crystalline and optical properties. Optical Materials, 2024, 149, 114964.
[8] Raha, S., Ahmaruzzaman, M. Zno nanostructured materials and their potential applications: Progress, challenges and perspectives. Nanoscale Advances, 2022, 4(8), 1868-1925.
[9] Haiouani, K., Hegazy, S., Alsaeedi, H., Bechelany, M., Barhoum, A. Green synthesis of hexagonal-like zno nanoparticles modified with phytochemicals of clove (syzygium aromaticum) and thymus capitatus extracts: Enhanced antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. Materials, 2024, 17(17), 4340.
[10] Chen, J., Zhou, Y., Islam, M.S., Cheng, X., Brown, S.A., Han, Z., Rider, A.N., Wang, C.H. Carbon fiber reinforced Zn–MnO2 structural composite batteries. Composites Science and Technology, 2021, 209, 108787.
[11] Khudhir, I.A., Essa, A. Preparation and characterization of polypyrrole/carbon nanotube composites using Zno, MgO and MnO. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2025, 2974(1), 012029.
[12] EL-Moslamy, S.H., Rezk, A.H., Elkady, M., Shokry Hassan, H. Semi-Industrial Bio-Fabrication of ZnO/MnO2 nanocomposite using endophytic streptomyces coelicolor: Characterization, statistical design, exponential pulse fed-batch fermentation, and its antimicrobial application. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2024, 49(7), 9067-9088.
[13] Selim, S., Abdelghany, T.M., Almuhayawi, M.S., Nagshabandi, M.K., Tarabulsi, M.K., Elamir, M.Y.M., Alharbi, A.A., Al Jaouni, S.K. Biosynthesis and activity of Zn-MnO nanocomposite in vitro with molecular docking studies against multidrug resistance bacteria and inflammatory activators. Scientific Reports, 2025, 15(1), 2032.
[14] Mahesh, B. A comprehensive review on current trends in greener and sustainable synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles and their promising applications. Results in Engineering, 2024, 21, 101702.
[15] Hussein, B.A., Tsegaye, A.A., Shifera, G., Taddesse, A.M. A Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor Based on a ZnO/Co 3 O 4 /Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite. Sensors & Diagnostics, 2023, 2(2), 347-360.
[16] Hadžić, B., Romčević, N., Romčević, M., Kuryliszyn-Kudelska, I., Dobrowolski, W., Wróbel, R., Narkiewicz, U., Sibera, D. Raman study of surface optical phonons in ZnO (Mn) nanoparticles. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, 585, 214-219.
[17] Hutera, B., Kmita, A., Olejnik, E., Tokarski, T. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of basic zinc carbonate. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 2013, 58.
[18] Kachallaa, M.R., Abdullahia, A., Yelwa, J.M., Aliyua, M.S. Green synthesis, characterization of manganese oxide nanoparticles using Ziziphus abyssinica plant extract and their antimicrobial efficacy. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: An Indian Journal, 2022, 16(6), 171.
[19] Zak, A.K., Abrishami, M.E., Majid, W.A., Yousefi, R., Hosseini, S. Effects of annealing temperature on some structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a modified sol–gel combustion method. Ceramics International, 2011, 37(1), 393-398.
[20] Souri, M., Hoseinpour, V., Shakeri, A., Ghaemi, N. Optimisation of green synthesis of mno nanoparticles via utilising response surface methodology. IET Nanobiotechnology, 2018, 12(6), 822-827.
[21] Shah, S.N., Ali, S.I., Ali, S.R., Naeem, M., Bibi, Y., Ali, S.R., Raza, S.M., Khan, Y., Sherwani, S.K. Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles for antibacterial applications. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 2016, 12, 205-210.
[22] Saod, W.M., Hamid, L.L., Alaallah, N.J., Ramizy, A. Biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of manganese oxide nanoparticles prepared by green tea extract. Biotechnology Reports, 2022, 34, e00729.
[23] Karam, S.T., Abdulrahman, A.F. Green synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles by using thyme plant leaf extract. Photonics, 2022, 9(8), 594.
[24] Abdelhakim, H.K., El‑Sayed, E.R., Rashidi, F.B. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles with antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant and photocatalytic activities by the endophytic Alternaria tenuissima. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2020, 128(6), 1634–1646.
[25] Ekennia, A., Uduagwu, D., Olowu, O., Nwanji, O., Oje, O., Daniel, B., Mgbii, S., Emma-Uba, C. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extracts of alchornea laxiflora and its tyrosinase inhibition and catalytic studies. Micron, 2021, 141, 102964.
[26] Peng, H., Ndione, P.F., Ginley, D.S., Zakutayev, A., Lany, S. Design of semiconducting tetrahedral Mn1− x ZnxO alloys and their application to solar water splitting. Physical Review X, 2015, 5(2), 021016.
[27] Abdelghani, G.M., Ahmed, A.B., Al-Zubaidi, A.B. Synthesis, characterization, and the influence of energy of irradiation on optical properties of zno nanostructures. Scientific Reports, 2022, 12(1), 20016.
[28] Abdullah, O.G., Aziz, S.B., Omer, K.M., Salih, Y.M. Reducing the optical band gap of polyvinyl alcohol (pva) based nanocomposite. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2015, 26(7), 5303-5309.
[29] Jeevarathinam, M., Asharani, I. Synthesis of CuO, ZnO nanoparticles, and CuO-ZnO nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine b: A comparative study. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14(1), 9718.
[30] Marsalek, R. Particle size and zeta potential of ZnO. APCBEE Procedia, 2014, 9, 13-17.
[31] Yang, C. Measuring zeta potential, methods. Encyclopedia of Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 2015, 1727-1737.
[32] Karvekar, O.S., Sarvalkar, P.D., Vadanagekar, A.S., Singhan, R.D., Jadhav, S.M., Nimbalkar, M.S., Prasad, N.R. Biogenic synthesis of silver anchored ZnO nanorods as nano catalyst for organic transformation reactions and dye degradation. Applied Nanoscience, 2022, 12(7), 2207-2226.
[33] Faisal, S., Jan, H., Shah, S.A., Shah, S., Khan, A., Akbar, M.T., Rizwan, M., Jan, F., Wajidullah, Akhtar, N. Green synthesis of zinc oxide (zno) nanoparticles using aqueous fruit extracts of myristica fragrans: Their characterizations and biological and environmental applications. ACS Omega, 2021, 6(14), 9709-9722.
[34] Nayan, M.B., Jagadish, K., Abhilash, M.R., Namratha, K., Srikantaswamy, S. Comparative study on the effects of surface area, conduction band and valence band positions on the photocatalytic activity of zno-m x o y heterostructures. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2019, 11(03), 357.
[35] Worku, A.K., Ayele, D.W., Habtu, N.G. Influence of nickel doping on MnO2 nanoflowers as electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. SN Applied Sciences, 2021, 3(9), 764.
[36] Ahmed, F., Kumar, S., Arshi, N., Anwar, M., Su-Yeon, L., Kil, G.-S., Park, D.-W., Koo, B.H., Lee, C.G. Preparation and characterizations of polyaniline (pani)/ZnO nanocomposites film using solution casting method. Thin Solid Films, 2011, 519(23), 8375-8378.
[37] Thi, T.U.D., Nguyen, T.T., Thi, Y.D., Thi, K.H.T., Phan, B.T., Pham, K.N. Green synthesis of zno nanoparticles using orange fruit peel extract for antibacterial activities. RSC Advances, 2020, 10(40), 23899-23907.
[38] Li, L., Lu, Y., Chen, Y., Bian, J., Wang, L., Li, L. Antibacterial chitosan-gelatin microcapsules modified with green-synthesized silver nanoparticles for food packaging. Journal of Renewable Materials, 2023, 11(1).
[39] Alqazaaly, S.M., Yaaqoob, L.A. Assessment of the antibacterial efficacy of nickel/manganese nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus. BIO Web of Conferences, 2025, 173, 02022.
[40] Ajitha, B., Reddy, Y.A.K., Shameer, S., Rajesh, K., Suneetha, Y., Reddy, P.S. Lantana camara leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles: Antibacterial, green catalyst. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2015, 149, 84-92.
[41] Islam, M.F., Miah, M.A.S., Huq, A.O., Saha, A.K., Mou, Z.J., Mondol, M.M.H., Bhuiyan, M.N.I. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using allium cepa l. Waste peel extracts and its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Heliyon, 2024, 10(3).
[42] Hezam, A., Namratha, K., Drmosh, Q., Yamani, Z., Byrappa, K. Synthesis of Heterostructured Bi2O3–CeO2–ZnO Photocatalyst with Enhanced Sunlight Photocatalytic Activity. Ceramics International, 2017, 43(6), 5292-5301.
[43] Zolfaghari, M. Propose for raman mode position for MN-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 2019, 555, 1-8.
[44] Kanmani, S., Ramachandran, K., Umapathy, S. Eosin yellowish dye‐sensitized ZnO nanostructure‐based solar cells employing solid PEO redox couple electrolyte. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2012, 2012(1), 267824.
[45] Cao, Q., Fu, M., Liu, G., Zhang, H., Yan, S., Chen, Y., Mei, L., Jiao, J. Local vibrational modes competitions in MN-doped ZnO epitaxial films with tunable ferromagnetism. Journal of Applied Physics, 2014, 115(24).
[46] Silambarasan, M., Saravanan, S., Soga, T. Raman and photoluminescence studies of ag and fe-doped zno nanoparticles. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2015, 7(3), 1644-1650.
[47] Dar, M., Narwaria, P., Barfa, S., Varshney, D. Structural and optical properties of combustion synthesized transition metal doped zn0. 94mn0. 06o nanoparticles. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2017, 1832(1), 050052.
[48] Gatou, M.-A., Lagopati, N., Vagena, I.-A., Gazouli, M., Pavlatou, E.A. ZnO nanoparticles from different precursors and their photocatalytic potential for biomedical use. Nanomaterials, 2022, 13(1), 122.
[49] Fischer, D., Zagorac, D., Schön, J.C. The presence of superoxide ions and related dioxygen species in zinc oxide—a structural characterization by in situ raman spectroscopy. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2022, 53(12), 2137-2146.
[50] Dieng, M., Ngom, B., Tall, P., Maaza, M. Biosynthesis of Zn5 (CO3) 2 (Oh) 6 from arachis hypogaea shell (peanut shell) and its conversion to zno nanoparticles. American Journal of Nanomaterials, 2019, 7(1), 1.
[51] Zhao, L., Gong, K., Wang, Y., Kong, S. Rapid and environment‐friendly preparation of silver nanoparticles and their inhibition against phytopathogenic fungi. Micro & Nano Letters, 2021, 16(3), 213-220.
[52] Bishoyi, A.K., Sahoo, C.R., Sahoo, A.P., Padhy, R.N. Bio-synthesis of silver nanoparticles with the brackish water blue-green alga oscillatoria princeps and antibacterial assessment. Applied Nanoscience, 2021, 11(2), 389-398.
[53] Goutam, S.P., Yadav, A.K., Das, A.J. Coriander extract mediated green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their structural, optical and antibacterial properties. Journal of Nanoscience and Technology, 2017, 249-252.
[54] Kora, A.J., Rastogi, L. Enhancement of antibacterial activity of capped silver nanoparticles in combination with antibiotics, on model gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, 2013, 2013(1), 871097.
[55] Mahamuni, P.P., Patil, P.M., Dhanavade, M.J., Badiger, M.V., Shadija, P.G., Lokhande, A.C., Bohara, R.A. Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles by using polyol chemistry for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 2019, 17, 71-80.
[56] Kong, J., Zhang, J., Shen, M., Zhang, S., Shen, P., Ren, C. Preparation of manganese (ii) oxide doped zinc oxide nanocomposites with improved antibacterial activity via ros. Chemical Physics Letters, 2022, 806, 140053.
[57] Faraji, N., Hajimahdi, Z. Synthesis, characterisation, and antimicrobial activity of zno‐based nanocomposites. Micro & Nano Letters, 2018, 13(12), 1667-1671.
Asian Journal of Green Chemistry

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 22 January 2026

  • Receive Date 24 October 2025
  • Revise Date 14 December 2025
  • Accept Date 22 January 2026

Home

A-Z Journals

SPC Publisher's Policies

Indexing and Abstracting

Editorial Board

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Contact Us

Using and Citation