Introduction

Resorcinol (Res) 1,3-isomer of benzenediols, as illustrated in Scheme 1, is a dihydric phenol exhibiting characteristic phenol reactivity. It is a monoaromatic compound having two hydroxyl groups in meta position to each other that may be found in fossil fuels in the heartwood of Artocarpus and Moraceae species. Resorcinol ring-containing components have been discovered in various natural compounds, including plant phenolics which include resorcinol ring-containing components and are widely distributed in nature [1]. Resorcinol has widely utilized in various industries, including the production of rubber products [2]. Resorcinol is used in the rubber industry as a primer in latex fabric coating [3] and as a glue in rubber product manufacture, such as when attaching the ends of a conveyor belt. It is included in many hair color products because of its unique functioning as a coupler. It is also found in medicinal items [4] such as eye drops that can be purchased without a prescription and a variety of ointments for disorders as psoriasis and acne.

Local hyperemia, corrosion, itching, dermatitis, and the loss of superficial layers of the skin may occur when solutions or salves containing 3 to 25% resorcinol are used [5]. It causes skin and eye discomfort if eaten, absorbed, or breathed through the skin. The drug may have effects on the blood, inducing methaemoglobin production. It is considered goitrogenic, causing hypothyroidism. Resorcinol was discovered in an aqueous solution [6] as an intermediary in the anaerobic decomposition of methoxyphenol and as an irradiation product of 3-chlorophenol.

There are many methods for the determination of resorcinol, such as electromagnetic sensor [7], electrochemical activation of graphene sheets embedded in carbon films [8], and a surfactant enhanced graphene paste electrode [9], electrochemical oxidation [10], electrochemical detection [11]. 

Scheme 1. Structure of resorcinol

Experimental

Materials and methods

The solutions were produced using distilled water, and all of the compounds used were analytical reagent grade. By dissolving 11 g in 500 mL of distilled water, a 0.2 M standard solution of Resorcinol C₆H₄ (OH)₂ with molecular weight 110.1 g.mol^-1, BDH was made. A standard solution of potassium dichromate K₂Cr₂O₇ with a molecular weight of 294.22 g.mol^-1 Hopkin and Williams LTD was made by dissolving 18.38 g of potassium dichromate in 250 mL of distilled water. 

Apparatus

A flow cell manufactured from a handmade NAG-4SX3-3D analyzer [12] was used to obtain the output from the attenuation of incident light (0–180 ͦ). Figure 1a Potentiometric recorders were used to record the output signals (Siemens, Germany). A six-port injection valve and an ismatic peristaltic pump with a sample loop (Teflon, variable length), the traditional procedures were carried out using a Uv-spectrophotometric (Shimadzu, Japan).

Methodology

A manifold design for determining an aromatic organic chemical (resorcinol) Figure 1a by forming colored species with potassium dichromate. It consists of a two-line manifold system attached to the NAG-4SX3-3D analyzer. A sample segment introduction unit (injection valve with load injection location) is included in the system, allowing a certain quantity to be injected repeatedly with flawless dependability. The first line provides distilled water as a carrier stream for the sample zones of resorcinol 15 mmol.L^-1 with 115 µL as a sample volume to meet with potassium dichromate in the second line at a 2.8 mL.min^-1 flow rate for each line by Y-junction point before being introduced to the NAG-4SX3-3D analyzer. The x-t potentiometric record output was used to quantify the transducer energy response for the attenuation of incident light on colored species for a yellowish-green species which formed. Each solution was investigated three times. Scheme 2 proposed a mechanism for the oxidation of resorcinol by potassium dichromate. Figure 2 displays the output Y_z (mV) vs. t_min (d_mm) of the NAG-4SX3-3D analyzer transducer for 15 mmol.L^-1 of resorcinol pharmaceuticals over time. The anther considers the synchronization of system outputs a new method in the NAG-4SX3-3D analyzer.

Scheme 2. Proposed reaction for resorcinol-K₂Cr₂O₇ system

Result and Discussion

The flow injection manifold system (Figure 1a) was used to investigate chemical and physical factors to determine the circumstances that would yield the reaction product, yellowish-green species, with the highest repeatability and sensitivity. The most straightforward strategy to optimize these variables was to keep them all constant while modifying them one by one.

Chemical variables

Effect of variable concentration of potassium dichromate

The measurements were carried out under the following conditions: A series of potassium dichromate solutions were generated by diluting the stock solution with distilled water to obtain concentrations ranging from 10 to 150 mmol.L^-1. Each line was measured three times with a reagent concentration of 15 mmol.L^-1, a sample volume of 115 µL, an open valve mode, and a flow rate of 2.8 mL.min^-1 for the carrier stream (distilled water) and reagent. Figure 1a reveals the response profile for this investigation which shows that the energy transducer response fluctuates with potassium dichromate concentration when using the NAG-4SX3-3D analyzer.

It was noticed that an increase in the response of the colored species with an increase of potassium dichromate concentration up 100 mmol.L^-1, more than 100 mmol.L^-1 led to broadening in high peak maxima and increase the peak base width (Δt_B), this due to increase the intensity of colored species which play as an internal filter in front of detector that prevents remaining light after absorption process from passes to solar cell. Therefore, 100 mmol.L^-1 of potassium dichromate was selected as an optimum concentration in the following studies to give a maximum peak height and sharpness. The obtained result was tabulated in Table 1a, while Figure 1b and Table 1b demonstrate the segmentation pattern for selecting the optimum segment of Res. Systems, segment S₃ (i.e., 70-150 mmol.L^-1) for the resorcinol–K₂Cr₂O₇ system.

Figure 1. a) Response profile of potassium dichromate concentrations, b) Output of (S/N) energy transducer response, and three data points as one segment with optimum choice

Figure 2. a) Diagram of manifold used for assessment NAG-4SX3-3D via reaction of resorcinol 15 mmol.L^-1 with Potassium dichromate 50 mmol.L^-1 to form yellowish green colored species. b) Profile of preliminary repeated experiments for assessment NAG-4SX3-3D instrument via reaction resorcinol with potassium dichromate to form yellowish species

Table 1. a) Effect of potassium dichromate concentration on precipitate formation of resorcinol, b) segmentation pattern slop-intercept with selection optimum segment for res-potassium dichromate system

Effect of various medium

Using certain resorcinol system conditions, resorcinol 15 mmol.L^-1-K₂Cr₂O₇, 100 mmol.L^-1, and a 115 µL sample volume, 2.8 mL/min^-1 was the flow rate. The impact of various solutions was examined using a carrier stream. In addition to the aqueous medium, (CH₃COOH, Tartaric acid, Ascorbic acid, HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, KCl, CH₃COONH₄) with a 0.4 mmol.L^-1 concentration. Figure 3 shows that the investigated media generate a reduction in S/N-response. This might be due to a rise in agglomeration or the growth in aggregate density and compactness with one another, which leads to an increase in S/N response due to the effect of tiny solid particulate formation that causes a decrease in inter-spatial distances and increases incident light attenuation, this results in an increase in incident light intensity because there will be more empty spaces in between agglomerates of particulate except H₂SO₄. In this research study, H₂SO₄ medium was chosen as the best carrier stream for resorcinol beca