CiteScore: 1.9     h-index: 21

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Chemistry, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2 Institute of Pollution Studies, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Abstract

Despite the importance of dyes within the industrial and research settings, the literature lacks information on the utilization of red mangrove forest resources and its applications. In this research study, red mangrove plant (Rhizophora racemosa) extracts were characterized and evaluated for its potential as an indicator. The extraction was done using the traditional method of extraction with water and ethanol as solvents. The extracts were characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Extracts from the plant were applied in different types of acid-base titrations. Following extraction, the UV-vis analyses of the water extract of Rhizophora racemosa showed a λmax at 450 nm while that of theethanol extract revealed a λmax at 400 nm.  However, after a 72hour timepoint, the water extract of the Rhizophora racemosa showed a λmax at 559 nm while that of theethanol extract demonstrated a λmax at 572 nm. The results of the FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of the O‒H for alcohol and phenol, C=O for carboxylic acid, C‒H for methyl group, and N‒O for the nitro group. Moreover, the endpoints for all titration conducted using red mangrove plant (Rhizophora racemosa)extracts were similar to the endpoints obtained using standard synthetic acid-base indicators. This was confirmed by a change in colour of the extracts from yellow in an acidic solution to red wine in the alkaline solution. The results provided established the suitability of Rhizophora racemosa as a pH indicator. 

Graphical Abstract

Application of red mangrove plant (Rhizophora racemosa) extracts as pH indicator

Keywords

Main Subjects

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[2]. Trivedi D.K., Sureja D.K., Sanghvi K.P., Shah A.P., Seth A.K.  J. Integrat. Health Sci., 2016, 4:26
[3]. Onwuachu U.I., Aboh U.A., Iwuoha G. Int. J. Res. Appl. Nat. Soc. Sci., 2014, 2:1
[4]. Trupti G.S., Suresh K.G., Mayuri H.A., Mrunalini J.M. Int. J. Adv. Res. Idea. Innovat. Technol., 2017, 3:462
[5]. Chengeto Z., Cathrine K.M., Clever M., Vernon P., Felicity B., Bettina K.N., Mafika S., Joel T. American Journal of Engineering Research, 2016, 5:18
[6]. Ogbuagu A.S.M., Okoye C.I. Prog. Chem. Biochem. Res., 2020, 3:39
[7]. El-Shahaby O.A., El-Zayat M., Rabei R., Aldesuquy H.S. Prog. Chem. Biochem. Res., 2019, 2:222
[8]. El-Shahaby O.A., El-Zayat M., Abd El-Fattah G., El-Hefny M.M. Prog. Chem. Biochem. Res., 2019, 2:211
[9]. Deshpande A., Jadge D., Dhawale S., Patrakar R., Gadgul A. Journal of Pharmaceutical Resources, 2010, 3:2512
[10]. Okoduwa S.I.R., Mbora L.O., Adu M.E., Adeyi A.A. Biochem. Res. Int., 2015, 12:1
[11]. Abugri D.A., Ohene B., Apea O.B., Pritchett G. Green Sustain. Chem., 2012, 2:117
[12]. Pathade K.S., Patil S.B., Kondawar M.S., Naikwade N.S., Magdum C.S. International Journal of Chemical Technical Research, 2009, 1:549
[13]. Duke N.C., Allen J. A. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), 2006, 1:18
[14]. Ekeke B.A., Akpofure E.A. Nig. Jor. of Agric. Teacher Educ., 1995, 4:198
[15]. Oyebade B.A., Emerhi E.A., Ekeke B.A. Int. Multi Discipl. J. Ethiop., 2010, 4:80
[16]. Nandy S., Mitra S. Environment and Ecology, 2004, 22:344
[17]. Albert C.O., Nwiisuator D., Gangan B.C. J. Nat. Sci. Res., 2012, 2:182
[18]. Ngeve M.N., Van der Stocken T., Menemenlis D., Koedam N., Triest L. PLoS ONE, 2016, 11:e0150950
[19]. Edu E.A.B., Edwin-Wosu N.L., Udensi O.U. J. Nat. Sci. Res., 2015, 5:1
[20]. Sharaf M., El-Ansari M.A., Saleh N.A.M. Fitoterapla, 2000, 71:274
[21]. Itoigawa M., Ito C., Tan H.T.W., Okuda M., Tokuda H., Nishino H., Furukawa H. Cancer Lett., 2001, 174:135
[22]. Khafagi I., Gab-Alla A., Salama W.B., Fouda M. Egypt. J. Biol., 2003, 5:62
[23]. Mfilinge P.L., Meziane T., Bachok Z., Tsuchiya M. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 2005, 63:301
[24]. Basyuni M., Oku H., Baba S., Takara R., Iwasaki H. J. Oceanog., 2007, 63:601
[25]. Akiyama H., Fuju K., Yamasaki O., Oono T., Iwatsuki K. J. Antimicrob. Chem., 2001, 48:487
[26]. Lu L., Liu S.W., Jang S.B., Wu S.G. Acta Pharmacol. Sinica, 2004, 25:213
[27]. Sparg S.G., Light M.E., Staden J. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2004, 94:219
[28]. Agoramoorthy G., Chen F., Hsu M.J. Elsevier Environ. Pollut., 2008, 155:320
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[30]. Sudarshan S., Bothara S.B., Sangeeta S. Pharmacognosy Journal of Chemistry, 2011, 3:35
[31]. Espinosa-Morales Y., Reyes J., Hermosín B., Azamar-Barrios J.A. Material Research Society Symposium Proceeding, 2012:1374
[32]. Al-Alwani M.A.M., Mohamad A.B., Kadhum A.A.H., Ludin N.A., Safie N.E., Razali M.Z., Ismail M., SopianK. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2017, 12:747
[33]. Khoddami A., Wilkes M.A., Roberts T.H. Molecules, 2013, 18:2375
[34]. Nwokonkwo D.C., Nwokonkwo H.C., Aninkpu P.C. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 2016, 7:680
[35]. Kapilraj N., Keerthanan S., Sithambaresan M. J. Chem., 2019, 6:34
[36]. Nair A., Kelkar A., Kshirsagar S., Harekar A., Satardekar K., Barve S., Kakodkar S. J. Innovat. Pharm. Biol. Sci., 2018, 5:01
[37]. Byamukama R., Waninda E.N., Mukama D., Namukobe J. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 2016, 10:2716
[38]. Udachan I.S., Sahoo A.K., Hend G.M. Int. Food Res. J., 2012, 19:15
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[40]. Bhagat V.C., Patil R.D., Channekar P.R., Shetty S.C., Akarte A.S. Int. J. Green Pharm., 2008, 2:162
[41]. Nwosu F.O., Adekola F.A., Ihedioha K.C. Centrepoint, 2004, 2:74